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Using artificial intelligence for exercise prescription in personalised health promotion: A critical evaluation of OpenAI's GPT-4 model.
Dergaa, I, Saad, HB, El Omri, A, Glenn, JM, Clark, CCT, Washif, JA, Guelmami, N, Hammouda, O, Al-Horani, RA, Reynoso-Sánchez, LF, et al
Biology of sport. 2024;(2):221-241
Abstract
The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare provides new possibilities for personalized health management. AI-based fitness applications are becoming more common, facilitating the opportunity for individualised exercise prescription. However, the use of AI carries the risk of inadequate expert supervision, and the efficacy and validity of such applications have not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in the context of diverse health conditions. The aim of the study was to critically assess the efficacy of exercise prescriptions generated by OpenAI's Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) model for five example patient profiles with diverse health conditions and fitness goals. Our focus was to assess the model's ability to generate exercise prescriptions based on a singular, initial interaction, akin to a typical user experience. The evaluation was conducted by leading experts in the field of exercise prescription. Five distinct scenarios were formulated, each representing a hypothetical individual with a specific health condition and fitness objective. Upon receiving details of each individual, the GPT-4 model was tasked with generating a 30-day exercise program. These AI-derived exercise programs were subsequently subjected to a thorough evaluation by experts in exercise prescription. The evaluation encompassed adherence to established principles of frequency, intensity, time, and exercise type; integration of perceived exertion levels; consideration for medication intake and the respective medical condition; and the extent of program individualization tailored to each hypothetical profile. The AI model could create general safety-conscious exercise programs for various scenarios. However, the AI-generated exercise prescriptions lacked precision in addressing individual health conditions and goals, often prioritizing excessive safety over the effectiveness of training. The AI-based approach aimed to ensure patient improvement through gradual increases in training load and intensity, but the model's potential to fine-tune its recommendations through ongoing interaction was not fully satisfying. AI technologies, in their current state, can serve as supplemental tools in exercise prescription, particularly in enhancing accessibility for individuals unable to access, often costly, professional advice. However, AI technologies are not yet recommended as a substitute for personalized, progressive, and health condition-specific prescriptions provided by healthcare and fitness professionals. Further research is needed to explore more interactive use of AI models and integration of real-time physiological feedback.
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Acute effects of sodium citrate supplementation on competitive performance and lactate level of elite fitness challenge athletes: A crossover, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Nabilpour, M, Zouita, A, Mayhew, J, Mohammad Rahimi, GR, Alikhajeh, Y, Taheri, M, Irandoust, K, Youzbashi, L, Granacher, U, Zouhal, H
Journal of exercise science and fitness. 2024;(2):140-144
Abstract
PURPOSE The performance of sodium citrate has been investigated in high-intensity exercises, but fewer studies have addressed the role of citrate in weight-bearing exercises. METHODS Twenty fitness challenge athletes, aged 24-32 years, volunteered to participate in this crossover, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Initially, ten athletes were given a placebo and asked to complete a fitness challenge (i.e., chin-ups, squat jumps, dips, walking lunges, sit-ups, and burpees-devil press). Another ten athletes were supplemented with sodium citrate 0.5 g/kg body mass supplements 3 h prior to performing the fitness challenges. The same procedures were completed two days later with the supplement and placebo dextrose groups switched in a cross-over design. Athletes and assessors were blinded for the experimental condition (placebo vs. verum). Lactate levels were measured 5 min after exercise. The athletes' performance on each item of the fitness challenge as well as their lactate levels, were compared. Differences between the means of the measured variables were contrasted using a dependent t-test. RESULTS Supplementing sodium citrate substantially improved athletes' performance in all six fitness challenge items (p < 0.05, 0.69 CONCLUSION Acute sodium citrate supplementation may help fitness challengers postpone muscular fatigue and increase performance, potentially via the prevention of lactate accumulation.
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Role of miR-424 in the carcinogenesis.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Askari, A, Hussen, BM, Taheri, M, Akbari Dilmaghani, N
Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. 2024;(1):16-38
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Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the carcinogenic process. miR-424 is a miRNA whose role in this process is being to be identified. Experiments in the ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, hemangioma and gastric cancer have reported down-regulation of miR-424. On the other hand, this miRNA has been found to be up-regulated in melanoma, laryngeal and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, glioma, multiple myeloma and thyroid cancer. Expression of this miRNA is regulated by methylation status of its promoter. Besides, LINC00641, CCAT2, PVT1, LIN00657, LINC00511 and NNT-AS1 are among lncRNAs that act as molecular sponges for miR-424, thus regulating its expression. Moreover, several members of SNHG family of lncRNAs have been found to regulate expression of miR-424. This miRNA is also involved in the regulation of E2F transcription factors. The current review aims at summarization of the role of miR-424 in the process of cancer evolution and its impact on clinical outcome of patients in order to find appropriate markers for malignancies.
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Sarcopenia and noncoding RNAs: A comprehensive review.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Askari, A, Mahmud Hussen, B, Taheri, M, Kiani, A
Journal of cellular physiology. 2023;(7):1416-1430
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an elderly disease and is related to frailty and loss of muscle mass (atrophy) of older adults. The exact molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of disease are yet to be discovered. In recent years, the role of noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of almost every kind of malignant and nonmalignant conditions is pinpointed. Regarding their regulatory function, there have been an increased number of studies on the role of noncoding RNAs in the progress of sarcopenia. In this manuscript, we review the role of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in development and progression of disease. We also discuss their potential as therapeutic targets in this condition.
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A review on the role of LINC00472 in malignant and non-malignant disorders.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Askari, A, Hussen, BM, Rasul, MF, Taheri, M, Ayatollahi, SA
Pathology, research and practice. 2023;:154549
Abstract
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 472 (LINC00472) has been shown to regulate diverse cellular functions and contribute to the etiology of human disorders. LINC00472 gene is located on 6q13 and has different alternatively spliced transcripts. Expression pattern and function of LINC00472 have been evaluated in different types of cancers and some other disorders, including atherosclerosis, sepsis-induced acute hepatic injury, atrial fibrillation, neuropathic pain, primary biliary cholangitis and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. This lincRNA can serve as a sponge for miR-24-3p, miR-196b-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-4311, miR-455-3p and a number of other miRNAs. LINC00472 is able to regulate several pathways, including MEK/ERK, NF-kB, PTEN/PI3K/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways. This raises some concerning aspects that need to be investigated further and clarified in relation to diseases. Increasing our understanding of LINC00472's crucial roles will open new doors for creating effective therapeutic approaches against cancer and related diseases. The current study aims at providing an overview of functions of LINC00472 in malignant and non-malignant disorders.
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Upregulation of MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 lncRNAs in non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
Taheri, M, Safarzadeh, A, Bahranian, A, Eslami, S, Dilmaghani, NA, Ghafouri-Fard, S, Sharifi, G
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2023;(11):1550-1556
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be dysregulated in a variety of malignant and non-malignant lesions including non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). In the current experimental study, we have selected six lncRNAs, namely MAPKAPK5-AS1, NUTM2B-AS1, ST7-AS1, LIFR-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 to assess their expression in a cohort of Iranian patients with NFPA. MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 were shown to be over-expressed in NFPA tissues compared with control samples (Expression ratios (95% CI) = 10 (3.94-25.36), 11.22 (4.3-28.8) and 9.33 (4.12-21.12); p values < 0.0001, respectively). The depicted ROC curves showed the AUC values of 0.73, 0.80 and 0.73 for MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1, respectively. Relative expression level of PXN-AS1 was associated with tumour subtype (p value = 0.49). Besides, relative expression levels of MAPKAPK5-AS1 and LIFR-AS1 were associated with gender of patients (p values = 0.043 and 0.01, respectively). Cumulatively, the current study indicates the possible role of MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of NFPAs.
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A review on the role of LINC00511 in cancer.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Safarzadeh, A, Hussen, BM, Taheri, M, Ayatollahi, SA
Frontiers in genetics. 2023;:1116445
Abstract
Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 511 (LINC00511) is an RNA gene being mostly associated with lung cancer. Further assessments have shown dysregulation of this lncRNA in a variety of cancers. LINC00511 has interactions with hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-765, hsa-mir-150, miR-1231, TFAP2A-AS2, hsa-miR-185-3p, hsa-miR-29b-1-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, RAD51-AS1 and EZH2. A number of transcription factors have been identified that regulate expression of LINC00511. The current narrative review summarizes the role of LINC00511 in different cancers with an especial focus on its prognostic impact in human cancers.
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A review on the importance of LINC-ROR in human disorders.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Pourtavakoli, A, Hussen, BM, Taheri, M, Kiani, A
Pathology, research and practice. 2023;:154420
Abstract
Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA, Regulator Of Reprogramming (LINC-ROR) is a long non-coding RNA with diverse physiological functions. The gene encoding this transcript resides on 18q21.31. Expression levels of LINC-ROR have been reported to be dysregulated in patients with diverse disorders, including cancer, autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, polymorphisms within this lncRNA have been shown to be associated with a variety of disorders, such as some kinds of cancer and some aspects of systemic lupus erythematous. Abnormal expression of LINC-ROR in some other human disorders is not yet understood. Emerging evidence suggests that LINC-ROR exerts pivotal roles in most types of human disorders as an oncogene. Differentially expressed LINC-ROR contributes in the development of diseases by changing the expression of genes that control the cell cycle. It can also exert its role by affecting the activity of some cancer-related signaling pathways and sponging tumor suppressor miRNAs. Expanding our understanding of LINC-ROR functions will pave the way for developing efficient therapeutic strategies against cancer and related disorders. The current review aims at providing a concise overview of the role of LINC-ROR in diverse human disorders through providing a summary of association studies and expression assays.
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A review on the role of LINC00173 in human cancers.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Safarzadeh, A, Hussen, BM, Rasul, MF, Taheri, M, Akbari Dilmaghani, N
Pathology, research and practice. 2023;:154351
Abstract
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 173 (LINC00173) is a long non-coding RNA with especial function in the tumorigenic process. Studies in different types of cancers support an oncogenic role for LINC00173 except for studies in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastric cancer. In breast and lung cancers, both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles have been reported for LINC00173. LINC00173 can serve as a molecular sponge for miRNAs. miR-218/Etk, miR-511-5p/VEGFA, miR-182-5p/AGER, miR-765/NUTF2, miR-765/PLP2, miR-182-5p/FBXW7, miR-338-3p/Rab25, miR‑641/RAB14 and miR-1275/BCL2 are examples of the miRNA/mRNA axes being regulated by LINC00173 in the context of cancer. The current review provides a summary of different studies on the role of LINC00173 in these cancers.
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Expression of LINC00174 in different cancers: Review of the literature and bioinformatics analyses.
Ghafouri-Fard, S, Safarzadeh, A, Hussen, BM, Taheri, M, Eghbali, A
Pathology, research and practice. 2023;:154617
Abstract
LINC00174 is an example of long intergenic non-coding RNAs with important functions in the development of human cancers. The gene encoding this lincRNA is located on 7q11.21. LINC00174 has been demonstrated to play an oncogenic role in a variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, thymic carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, breast cancer and non-functioning pituitary adenoma. In lung cancer, there is an obvious discrepancy between different studies regarding the role of this lincRNA. This lincRNA is also involved in the determination of prognosis of different cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. In the current review, we discuss the role of this lincRNA in human carcinogenesis based on the available data in the literature and bioinformatics tools.